Language Summary 9850

Here are examples of usage of some of the most commonly used commands: (see keypress table for where to find these commands.)

Basic Commands

"A MESSAGE"	- displays a message
2->A		- stores the value 2 in the variable A
?->A		- prompts user for input, stores it in variable A
Lbl 1		- labels a place in the program can use Lbl 0-9, A-Z
Goto 1		- jumps to Lbl 1
Prog "ABC"	- starts program "ABC" and returns when "ABC" is finished
Dsz A		- decrements A by 1, skips next statement if A now equals zero
Isz A		- increases A by 1, skips next statement if A now equals zero
A=1=>"HI"	- if A equals 1 then display "HI"
1234_		- pause to display number
		    (also pauses for text, graphs, lines, points, matrices).
Locate 1,1,"HELLO" - display message HELLO at screen position 1,1
Getkey->A	- stores code for button pressed in variable A.
		  (each button on keypad has a unique code.)

Graph Commands

Graph Y=                  - graphs a function of X ( e.g. Graph Y=sin X)
ViewWindow 1,2,0,1,2,0    - set viewing parameters for graphs
Cls		- clears the graph screen (so does ViewWindow command)
Plot 2,3		- plot a point at x=2, y=3
Line		- draw a line between the last two points plotted

Maths Commands

5!		- factorial of 5
4 nPr 3		- permutations of  3 elements from 4
4 nCr 3		- combinations of 3 elements from 4
Ran#		- produce a random number between 0 and 1
P( Q( R( t(	- normal distribution functions
Abs  -2		- absolute value of the number -2
Int  -2.6	- integer part rounded towards zero (this example gives -2)
Intg -2.6	- integer part rounded towards -inf (this example gives -3)
Frac  5.7	- fractional part of decimal number (this example gives 0.7)
Rnd		- changes internal accuracy to same as defined by FIX or SCI
Pol(X,Y)		- converts rectangular coords to polar,
				stores result in List Ans
Rec(r, theta)	- converts polar coords to rectangular,
				stores result in List Ans

matrix Commands

[[1,2,3][4,5,6]]	- a matrix with 2 rows and three columns,
			(first row is [1,2,3], second is [4,5,6])
[[1]]->Mat A	- a one by one matrix is put into matrix A
Mat A+Mat B	- matrix A plus matrix B
Mat A ^-1	- inverse of matrix A (use reciprocal symbol for ^-1)
Det Mat A	- determinant of matrix A
Mat Ans		- the result of the last matrix calculation
Trn Mat A	- transpose of matrix A
Mat A[4,7]	- the entry in the 4th row and 7th column of matrix A
Swap A,2,3	- swap the 2nd and 3rd rows of matrix A
*Row+ 5,A,2,3	- add five times row 2 to row 3 in matrix A
Mat->List(Mat A,1) - a list consisting of row 1 of Mat A
Augment(Mat A,Mat B)
 - if no.of rows is same in A and B then result is matrix whose
   first few columns are the columns of Mat A and the next lot of
   coloumns are the columns of Mat B.
Identity N-> Mat A - An NxN identity matrix
Dim Mat A
   - a 2 entry list containing no.of rows and columns of Mat A
Fill(2,Mat A)	- fills every entry of Mat A with the value 2

Abs,Frac,Int, Intg can also be applied to a matrix.
e.g. Int Mat A gives applies Int to each entry to give new matrix.

The commands Dim,Det,Trn also work with a specified
matrix of values as well as named matrix.
As do calculations, e.g. [[1,2,3]]+[[4,5,6]]
e.g. Det[[1,2][3,4]]

List Commands

{4,0,2}->List 1	- a list with three entries 4,0 and 2
{3.72}->List 1	- a list with just one entry
2.5->List 1[3]	- an assignment into 3rd entry of List 1
List->Mat(List 1,List 2,...
   - a matrix with List 1 in column 1, List 2 in column 2 etc
Dim List 1	- the number of entries in List 1
Fill(2,List 1)	- fills every entry of List 1 with the number 2
Seq(X^3+1,X,1,9,2)
 - a list of values generated by the expression X^3+1 where the
   variable X goes from 1 to 9 with step value 2.
Min(List 1)	- the minimum value in List 1
Min(List 1,List 2)
   - a list equal to the list which has the min value of both lists
Max(		- similar to Min(
Mean(List 1)	- the mean value of List 1
Mean(List 1,List 2)
   - the mean of values of List 1 with frequencies specified by List 2
Median(		- similar to Mean(
Sum List 1	- sum of values in List 1
Prod List 1	- product of values in List 1
Cuml List 1	- a list with cumulative sum of values of List 1
Percent List 1
   - a list of percentages corresponding to percentage each
     entry of List 1 is compared to sum of entries in List 1

Most scientfic and arithmetic calculations and logic commands can be
applied to a list. They work on an entry by entry basis.
e.g. (List 1=0)->List 1 will give a list of zeros and ones accordingly.
sin List 1->List 1 will take sine of every entry.
List 1(Abs List 1>1 \exp 10)->List 1 will zero all elements which are too small.

The commands Dim,Sum,Prod,Cuml,Percent also work with a specified
list of values as well as named list.
As do calculations, e.g. {1,2,3}^{3,4,5}
e.g. Sum {1,2,4} is the same as {1,2,4}->List 1:Sum List 1

Multi-Line Control Commands

Here is the syntax used for control commands:
... is some set of commands.
X is some conditional expression e.g (X+1>1) And (X+1<5)

If X
Then ...
...
Else				; The Else section is optional
...
...
IfEnd

For 1->A To 30 Step 2		; the Step is optional
...
...
Next

While X
...
WhileEnd

Do
...
LpWhile X

Initialisation And Number Formats

Fix 5		- displays numbers with 5 decimal places. (can use 0-9)
Sci 5		- displays in scientific notation with 5 significant digits
Norm		- switches between norm1 and norm2,
		- norm1 shows small decimals in sci notation 0.001 as 1 E-03
		- norm2 means no special formatting
Eng		- switches  SI units, on or off.